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Urban ClimateRead more |
The impact of acid rain on human health and economyAcid rains have various direct and indirect impacts not only on natural environment but also on people and our infrastructure (buildings, roads etc.). The most
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Human health The pollutants that cause acid rain (mainly sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx)) can affect human health in a few ways. They are harmful for human respiratory system and blood vessels. See also the section on bioclimate to learn more about the impact of air pollution on human health (see the link at the bottom of the page). Polluted air The SO2 and NOx emission and acid rain give risk to respiratory problems such as dry coughs, asthma, bronchitis, headaches, eye, nose, and throat irritation. Acid rain can aggravate a person's ability to breathe and may increase disease which could lead to death. SO2 and NOx interact in the atmosphere to form fine sulfate and nitrate particles that can be transported long distances by winds and inhaled deep into people's lungs. Those particles are called PM 2.5 (i.e. particulate matter of the diameter up to 2.5 µm) and can go deep into the lungs and cause cancer. Fine particles can also penetrate indoors. The London smog is also named acid smog. During the event of 1952, the pH was as low as 1.5, and it caused the death of 4000 persons (learn more about smog in the section "Air pollution" (Basic), "Negative effects", see link at the bottom of the page).
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Polluted water Acid water destroys water installations and dissolves heavy metals which they may contain. Additionally, heavy metals get released by acid rains from soil and also go to drinking water. They can be absorbed by both plants (through soil and/or direct contact) and animals (from food and/or direct contact). Then they accumulate in human body, which may cause e.g. cancer. Brain damage, kidney problems, and Alzheimer's disease has been linked to people eating "toxic" animals/plants. |
Buildings and monuments Acid precipitation affects stone primarily in two ways: dissolution and alteration. It can be especially damaging to buildings made of limestone and marble. Limestone and marble are primarily composed of the mineral calcite (calcium carbonate, CaCO3), which dissolves readily in weak sulfurous, sulfuric, and nitric acids. In exposed areas of buildings and statues, we see roughened surfaces, removal of material, and loss of carved details. Stone surface material may be lost all over or only in spots that are more reactive. On one hand, some soils that contain the calcium carbonate, have a natural ability to neutralize acids, the H+ is removed due to the reaction: CaCO3 + 2H+ Also when soil-dust particles that contain CaCO3 collide in the air with acidified raindrops, that reaction takes place. Unfortunately, the same process is partly responsible for the erosion of monuments and buildings made of marble or limestone. When water containing sulfuric acid coats a calcite surface, the hydrogen ion H+ dissolves the calcite, as described above, and the sulfate ion reacts with the calcium ions and forms a clear-to-white gypsum crust over the marble or limestone: Ca2+ +SO42- + 2H2O Rain over time removes some of the gypsum crust, creating tiny crevices and causing erosion. Another reaction concerns nitric acid which dissociates the calcium carbonate: CaCO3 + 2HNO3(aq) -> Ca2+(aq) + 2NO-3(aq) + H2O + CO2 Even though acid rain has been reduced in recent years in many regions, buildings are still showing signs of damage. This is because the acid rain has permanently changed the stones from which the building is made. Even metals get corroded by acid rains. Other vulnerable materials include carbon-steel, nickel, zinc, copper, paint, some plastics, leather and textiles. Stainless steel and aluminium are more resistant materials. |
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The restoration of monuments and buildings is costly. For example, Westminister Abby in London, England faced up to ten million pounds worth of repairs due to acid rain before the early 1990s. However, although the economic losses can be calculated, the aesthetical aspects of the world's cultural treasures cannot be price-tagged. The Taj Mahal in India, the Acropolis and even newer buildings Canada's Parliament Building and the U.S. Capitol Building are seeing the effects of acid rain.
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Cars Automotive coatings may be damaged by all forms of acid rain, including dry deposition, especially when dry acidic deposition is mixed with dew or rain. However, it has been difficult to quantify the specific contribution of acid rain to paint finish damage relative to damage caused by other forms of environmental fallout, by the improper application of paint or by deficient paint formulations. Usually the damage is permanent; once it has occurred, the only solution is to repaint. |
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Related pages: Learn more about the impact of air pollution on human health in:
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