How are
people changing
the climate?

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3. How can we hinder
man-made climate change?

The Kyoto Protocol

In 1997, the Climate Convention held a conference in Kyoto, Japan. The aim of the conference was to achieve agreement on a treaty that would require the industrialized part of the world to limit its emissions of greenhouse gases.

An agreement was made to set targets for reductions of industrialized countries’ emissions of greenhouse gases: the Kyoto Protocol. It requires that industrialized countries as a group reduce their emissions of six greenhouse gases by about 5% compared to 1990 levels in the period 2008–2012. This agreement is legally binding. This means that states that have agreed to its terms and then fail to live up to their commitments will be sanctioned – including by having to reduce their emissions even more in a subsequent period. But states that withdraw from the entire agreement cannot be sanctioned.

  
The 5% reduction in emissions required by the Protocol is an average: some countries are required to reduce more, and others less. The quotas and targets assigned to each country were arrived at through many rounds of tough negotiations. This figure shows how different countries must reduce their emissions compared with 1990.

  
Only the three countries Island, Australia, and Norway are allowed to increase their emissions relative to 1990 levels by 10%, 8%, and 1%, respectively. Russia, Ukraine and New Zealand may keep their emissions at the same level as in 1990. The rest of the industrialized countries are to reduce their emissions 6–8% from 1990 levels in the period 2008–2012. Even though the United States demanded that also developing countries be given reduction targets, the developing countries were not given any specific reduction commitments in this round.

The Kyoto Protocol covers the following gases:

     - carbon dioxide (CO₂),
     - methane (CH₄),
     - nitrous oxide (N₂O),
     - hydroflourocarbons (HFCs),
     - perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and
     - sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆).

Emissions of the different gases are compared by counting each gas in tons of “CO₂ equivalents” – that is, the amount of each gas that contributes to the same amount of global warming as a ton of CO₂ over a specified period of time.

The agreement allows states to meet their targets in other ways than by simply reducing emissions domestically. Three so-called flexibility mechanisms were established to help states reduce their costs in meeting targets:

1. International emissions trading allows industrialized countries to buy or sell parts of the national emissions quota allocated by the Kyoto Protocol. Trade is limited to industrialized countries. The government of each country may allow companies to buy and sell emissions permits.
    
2. Joint implementation implies that an industrialized country pay for measures to reduce emissions in another industrialized country. This will give the buyer the right to emit more domestically, while the seller will be required to emit correspondingly less.
    
3. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) allows industrialized countries to acquire emissions credits (the right to emit greenhouse gases) by paying for emissions reduction measures in developing countries that do not have emissions targets. These measures must also contribute to sustainable development in the recipient country. Detailed rules and regulations to ensure that the emissions reduction measures meet all the requirements are worked out.
   

The Kyoto Protocol enters into force as soon as it has been ratified by at least 55 countries. Industrialized countries that together represent at least 55 percent of the CO₂ emissions in 1990 must be included among the ratifying countries for the agreement to enter into force. The United States has declared that it will not ratify the agreement.

The Kyoto Protocol, in its current form, will have a minimal effect on global emissions of greenhouse gases in the period 2008–2012. The Protocol was especially weakened after the United States, with its high emissions, withdrew its support.

The Kyoto Protocol will probably make only a slight difference, partly because several countries with economies in transition – particularly Russia – have already reduced their emissions dramatically from 1990 levels for economic reasons. But soon negotiations for new commitments for the period after 2012 will begin. If agreement is reached on even stricter targets after 2012, and if the United States and developing countries eventually take on commitments, the agreement can become more effective. So even though the Kyoto Protocol is perhaps only a small step for the Earth’s climate, it can be a necessary first step on the road to more effective international climate cooperation.

Author: Camilla Schreiner - CICERO (Center for International Climate and Environmental Research - Oslo) - Norway. Scientific reviewers: Andreas Tjernshaugen - CICERO (Center for International Climate and Environmental Research - Oslo) - Norway - 2004-01-20 and Knut Alfsen - Statistics Norway - Norway - 2003-09-12. Educational reviewer: Nina Arnesen - Marienlyst school in Oslo - Norway - 2004-03-10. Last update: 2004-03-27.