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Only chemicals with very long atmospheric lifetimes can reach the stratosphere. However, once in the stratosphere they can remain there for a long time. Material emitted from large volcanic eruptions, such as El Chichon in 1982 and Mount Pinatubo in 1991, stayed in the stratosphere for up to two years.
Aviation
Aeroplanes generally fly between 10 and 12 kilometres in altitude. Increased aviation traffic has, therefore, led to higher emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapour (H2O), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides (SOx) and soot carbon into the atmosphere between the upper troposphere and the lower stratosphere.
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